Labor and Birth

In the female reproductive system, labor represents the final phase of pregnancy. Childbirth is the process of delivering a baby along with the placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord from the uterus through the vagina to the outside world.

Labor is divided into three main stages:

  1. First Stage (Dilation): This stage begins with the onset of labor and is characterized by the cervix dilating to a diameter of about 10 cm (2 inches). It consists of two phases:
    • Latent Phase: The early part of the first stage where contractions are mild and infrequent.
    • Active Phase: The later part of the first stage when contractions become stronger and more regular, leading to further dilation of the cervix.
  2. Second Stage (Fetal Expulsion): This stage involves the actual delivery of the baby as the mother pushes during contractions.
  3. Third Stage (Placenta Delivery): In this stage, the placenta, along with any remaining membranes and the umbilical cord, is expelled from the uterus.
  4. Fourth Stage: This phase involves the immediate postpartum recovery period where the mother’s body begins to adjust after childbirth, monitoring for any complications.

Understanding these stages is essential for preparing for labor and delivery.

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